Selected Literature on the impact of Trauma Beyond PTSD
Bonde JP, Utzon-Frank N, Bertelsen M, et al. Risk of depressive disorder following disasters and military deployment: Systematic review with meta-analysis. Br J Psychiatry. 2016;208(4):330-336. doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.114.157859
Brady K, Killeen T, Brewerton T, Lucerini S. Comorbidity of psychiatric disorders and posttraumatic stress disorder. undefined. Published online 2000.
Brown PJ, Stout RL, Mueller T. Substance use disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder comorbidity: Addiction and psychiatric treatment rates. Psychol Addict Behav. 1999;13(2):115-122. doi:10.1037/0893-164X.13.2.11
Choudhary E, Smith M, Bossarte RM. Depression, anxiety, and symptom profiles among female and male victims of sexual violence. Am J Mens Health. 2012;6(1):28-36. doi:10.1177/1557988311414045
Debell F, Fear NT, Head M, et al. A systematic review of the comorbidity between PTSD and alcohol misuse. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2014;49(9):1401-1425. doi:10.1007/s00127-014-0855-7
Dixon-Gordon KL, Tull MT, Gratz KL. Self-injurious behaviors in posttraumatic stress disorder: An examination of potential moderators. J Affect Disord. 2014;166:359-367. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2014.05.033
Dyer KFW, Dorahy MJ, Hamilton G, et al. Anger, aggression, and self-harm in PTSD and complex PTSD. J Clin Psychol. 2009;65(10):1099-1114. doi:10.1002/jclp.20619
Grant DMM, Beck JG, Marques L, Palyo SA, Clapp JD. The Structure of Distress Following Trauma: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Major Depressive Disorder, and Generalized Anxiety Disorder. J Abnorm Psychol. 2008;117(3):662-672. doi:10.1037/a0012591
Gratz KL, Tull MT. Exploring the relationship between posttraumatic stress disorder and deliberate self-harm: The moderating roles of borderline and avoidant personality disorders. Psychiatry Res. 2012;199(1):19-23. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2012.03.025
Hori H. PCN Frontier Review. Inflammation and post-traumatic stress disorder. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2019;73:143-153. doi:10.1111/pcn.12820/full
Jacobsen LK, Southwick SM, Kosten TR. Substance use disorders in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder: A review of the literature. Am J Psychiatry. 2001;158(8):1184-1190. Doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.158.8.1184
Kar N, Bastia BK. Post-traumatic stress disorder, depression and generalised anxiety disorder in adolescents after a natural disaster: A study of comorbidity. Clin Pract Epidemiol Ment Heal. 2006;2(1):1-7. doi:10.1186/1745-0179-2-17
Kobayashi I, Boarts JM, Delahanty DL. Polysomnographically measured sleep abnormalities in PTSD: A meta-analytic review. Psychophysiology. 2007;44(4):660-669. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.2007.537.x
Krakow BJ, Ulibarri VA, Moore BA, McIver ND. Posttraumatic stress disorder and sleep-disordered breathing: A review of comorbidity research. Sleep Med Rev. 2015;24:37-45. doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2014.11.001
LeMoult J, Humphreys KL, Tracy A, Hoffmeister JA, Ip E, Gotlib IH. Meta-analysis: Exposure to Early Life Stress and Risk for Depression in Childhood and Adolescence. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2020;59(7):842-855. doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2019.10.011
Leskin GA, Woodward SH, Young HE, Sheikh JI. Effects of comorbid diagnoses on sleep disturbance in PTSD. J Psychiatr Res. 2002;36(6):449-452. doi:10.1016/S0022-3956(02)00025-0
Li Y, Duan W, Chen Z. Latent profiles of the comorbidity of the symptoms for posttraumatic stress disorder and generalized anxiety disorder among children and adolescents who are susceptible to COVID-19. Child Youth Serv Rev. 2020;116:105235. doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105235
Mcfarlane AC, Atchison M, Rafalowicz E, Papay P. Physical symptoms in post-traumatic stress disorder. J Psychosom Res. 1994;38(7):715-726. doi:10.1016/0022-3999(94)90024-8
Price M, Legrand AC, Brier ZMF, Hébert-Dufresne L. The symptoms at the center: Examining the comorbidity of posttraumatic stress disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, and depression with network analysis. J Psychiatr Res. 2019;109:52-58. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2018.11.016
Roberts B, Ocaka KF, Browne J, Oyok T, Sondorp E. Factors associated with post-traumatic stress disorder and depression amongst internally displaced persons in northern Uganda. BMC Psychiatry. 2008;8:38-47. doi:10.1186/1471-244X-8-38
Ryder AL, Azcarate PM, Cohen BE. PTSD and Physical Health. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2018;20(12). doi:10.1007/s11920-018-0977-9
Singareddy RK, Balon R. Sleep in posttraumatic stress disorder. Ann Clin Psychiatry. 2002;14(3):183-190. doi:10.1023/A:1021190620773
van Der Kolk B, Ford JD, Spinazzola J. Comorbidity of developmental trauma disorder (DTD) and post-traumatic stress disorder: findings from the DTD field trial. Eur J Psychotraumatol. 2019;10(1). doi:10.1080/20008198.2018.1562841
Vonderlin R, Kleindienst N, Alpers GW, Bohus M, Lyssenko L, Schmahl C. Dissociation in victims of childhood abuse or neglect: A meta-Analytic review. Psychol Med. 2018;48(15):2467-2476. doi:10.1017/S0033291718000740
PTSD Prevalence is Higher in Low-Resource Settings
HAITI, 68%
Earthquake-impacted children
Blanc J, Bui E, Mouchenik Y, Derivois D, Birmes P. Prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder and depression in two groups of children one year after the January 2010 earthquake in Haiti. J Affect Disord. 2015 Feb 1;172:121-6. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2014.09.055. Epub 2014 Oct 13. PMID: 25451405.
MEXICO, 11.8%
Guatemalan refugees
Sabin M, Lopes Cardozo B, Nackerud L, Kaiser R, Varese L. Factors associated with poor mental health among Guatemalan refugees living in Mexico 20 years after civil conflict. JAMA. 2003 Aug 6;290(5):635-42. doi: 10.1001/jama.290.5.635. PMID: 12902367.
COLOMBIA, 21%
Venezuelan refugees
Tannen JN. Scholars explore the lasting effects of a crisis departure. April 2, 2020.
PERU, 20.3%
Earthquake survivors
Valladares-Garrido MJ, Zapata-Castro LE, Peralta CI, García-Vicente A, Astudillo-Rueda D, León-Figueroa DA, Díaz-Vélez C. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder after the 6.1 Magnitude Earthquake in Piura, Peru: A Cross-Sectional Study. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022 Sep 3;19(17):11035. doi: 10.3390/ijerph191711035. PMID: 36078753; PMCID: PMC9518033.
BRAZIL, 38.9%
Fire victims
Bertolazi AN, Mann KC, Lima AVPB, Hidalgo MPL, John AB. Post-traumatic stress disorder prevalence and sleep quality in fire victims and rescue workers in southern Brazil: a cross-sectional study. Public Health. 2022 Aug;209:4-13. doi: 10.1016/j.puhe.2022.05.002. Epub 2022 Jun 21. PMID: 35749927.
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC, 36%
Haitian students
Silvestre, G. , Anacréon, P. , Théodore, M. , Silvestre, E. & Garcia-Dubus, E. (2014). Risk Factors for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Haitian Students. Psychology, 5, 849-858. doi: 10.4236/psych.2014.58096.
ALGERIA, 37.4%
de Jong JT, Komproe IH, Van Ommeren M, El Masri M, Araya M, Khaled N, van De Put W, Somasundaram D. Lifetime events and posttraumatic stress disorder in 4 postconflict settings. JAMA. 2001 Aug 1;286(5):555-62. doi: 10.1001/jama.286.5.555. PMID: 11476657.
LIBERIA, 44-48.3%
Johnson K, Asher J, Rosborough S, Raja A, Panjabi R, Beadling C, Lawry L. Association of combatant status and sexual violence with health and mental health outcomes in postconflict Liberia. JAMA. 2008 Aug 13;300(6):676-90. doi: 10.1001/jama.300.6.676. PMID: 18698066.
Galea S, Rockers PC, Saydee G, Macauley R, Varpilah ST, Kruk ME. Persistent psychopathology in the wake of civil war: long-term posttraumatic stress disorder in Nimba County, Liberia. Am J Public Health. 2010 Sep;100(9):1745-51. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.179697. Epub 2010 Jul 15. PMID: 20634461; PMCID: PMC2920997.
ETHIOPIA, 15.8%
de Jong JT, Komproe IH, Van Ommeren M, El Masri M, Araya M, Khaled N, van De Put W, Somasundaram D. Lifetime events and posttraumatic stress disorder in 4 postconflict settings. JAMA. 2001 Aug 1;286(5):555-62. doi: 10.1001/jama.286.5.555. PMID: 11476657.
RWANDA, 25-43%
Mutuyimana C, Sezibera V, Nsabimana E, Mugabo L, Cassady C, Musanabaganwa C, Kayiteshonga Y. PTSD prevalence among resident mothers and their offspring in Rwanda 25 years after the 1994 genocide against the Tutsi. BMC Psychol. 2019 Dec 19;7(1):84. doi: 10.1186/s40359-019-0362-4. PMID: 31856892; PMCID: PMC6923965.
Mutuyimana, C., Sezibera, V., Nsabimana, E. et al. PTSD prevalence among resident mothers and their offspring in Rwanda 25 years after the 1994 genocide against the Tutsi. BMC Psychol 7, 84 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-019-0362-4
PALESTINE 68.9%
Elbedour S, Onwuegbuzie AJ, Ghannam J, Whitcome JA, Abu Hein F. Post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, and anxiety among Gaza Strip adolescents in the wake of the second Uprising (Intifada). Child Abuse Negl. 2007 Jul;31(7):719-29. doi: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2005.09.006. Epub 2007 Jul 12. PMID: 17631959.
CAMBODIA, 28.4%
de Jong JT, Komproe IH, Van Ommeren M, El Masri M, Araya M, Khaled N, van De Put W, Somasundaram D. Lifetime events and posttraumatic stress disorder in 4 postconflict settings. JAMA. 2001 Aug 1;286(5):555-62. doi: 10.1001/jama.286.5.555. PMID: 11476657.
SRI LANKA, 21%
Tsunami Victims
Hollifield M, Hewage C, Gunawardena CN, Kodituwakku P, Bopagoda K, Weerarathnege K. Symptoms and coping in Sri Lanka 20-21 months after the 2004 tsunami. Br J Psychiatry. 2008 Jan;192(1):39-44. doi: 10.1192/bjp.bp.107.038422. PMID: 18174508.
IRAQ, 60%
Syrian Refugees
Mahmood HN, Ibrahim H, Goessmann K, Ismail AA, Neuner F. Post-traumatic stress disorder and depression among Syrian refugees residing in the Kurdistan region of Iraq. Confl Health. 2019 Nov 8;13:51. doi: 10.1186/s13031-019-0238-5. PMID: 31728157; PMCID: PMC6842196.
AFGHANISTAN, 42.1%
Cardozo BL, Bilukha OO, Crawford CA, Shaikh I, Wolfe MI, Gerber ML, Anderson M. Mental health, social functioning, and disability in postwar Afghanistan. JAMA. 2004 Aug 4;292(5):575-84. doi: 10.1001/jama.292.5.575. PMID: 15292083.
INDIA, 30.6%
Cyclone victims
Kar N, Mohapatra PK, Nayak KC, Pattanaik P, Swain SP, Kar HC. Post-traumatic stress disorder in children and adolescents one year after a super-cyclone in Orissa, India: exploring cross-cultural validity and vulnerability factors. BMC Psychiatry. 2007 Feb 14;7:8. doi: 10.1186/1471-244X-7-8. PMID: 17300713; PMCID: PMC1808457.
BANGLADESH, 61%
Burmese refugees
O'Connor K, Seager J. Displacement, Violence, and Mental Health: Evidence from Rohingya Adolescents in Cox's Bazar, Bangladesh. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021 May 17;18(10):5318. doi: 10.3390/ijerph18105318. PMID: 34067724; PMCID: PMC8156348.